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It Might Be Time to Ditch These Two Retirement ‘Rules’
By Adam Hardy MONEY RESEARCH COLLECTIVE
New research is turning conventional retirement savings wisdom on its head.
Rules are meant to be broken, right?
New research is flipping two oft-repeated retirement savings tenets on their heads: the 4% withdrawal guideline and the 60-40 investment portfolio. These particular rules can be helpful conversation starters, but they don’t work for everyone, according to two recent reports.
The first, a new report from a financial research firm, suggests that your retirement withdrawals should, in most cases, be less than the widely recommended 4% rule of thumb. And earlier this month, a 2023 study gained attention after resurfacing on the research network SSRN. It argues for a highly aggressive stock allocation in your retirement portfolio, suggesting the strategy is actually safer than a 60/40 portfolio.
Here’s a closer look.
The 4% withdrawal rule
In 1994, financial planner William Bengen’s research in the Journal of Financial Planning introduced the now-famous “4% rule,” suggesting that was the magic “safe” number retirees should aim for when making their initial savings withdrawal, followed by inflation-adjusted withdrawals each subsequent year.
The idea is that the “Bengen rule,” as it is sometimes called, ensures that your nest egg won’t deplete before 30 years. Assuming you retire at age 65, a 4% withdrawal rate should last you until at least 95, his research shows.
Three decades later, that rule is still often recommended. But fresh data from Morningstar, an investment research firm, shows that your “safe” withdrawal rate hinges on your length of retirement and your portfolio allocation.
Assuming a 30-year retirement and a portfolio with 20% to 50% stock allocation, a withdrawal rate of 3.7% is ideal, Morningstar’s research found.
Generally speaking, the longer your retirement and the higher your stock allocation, the less you should withdraw annually. For a 20-year retirement, you should be able to safely withdraw 5% each year, but if you’re looking to spend 40 years work-free, Morningstar recommends not exceeding 3.1%.
And if you have an extremely aggressive portfolio, like the following study suggests, you’d want to withdraw even less, as little as 2.7% a year.
The 60/40 retirement investment portfolio
As you near retirement, financial advisors often recommend an incrementally conservative investment strategy. Typically, you’d start with the traditional 60% stocks, 40% bonds (aka 60/40) portfolio and then move more of your investments into bonds or cash as you retire and age.
But a controversial new study from a trio of finance professors at Emory University, the University of Arizona and the University of Missouri found that an all-gas, no-brakes retirement savings strategy far outperforms the 60/40 approach. The same is true for target-date funds.
They say that a 100% stock portfolio is the way to go. In terms of diversification — if you can call it that — you should allocate 33% to U.S. stocks and 67% in international stocks, under their model. You read that right: All equities. No bonds.
The authors found this approach “vastly outperforms” all other portfolios they measured in terms of building and preserving wealth in retirement, sustaining retirement spending and generating inheritances — or in other words, having large amounts of retirement savings left over after you die.
They determined this by comparing various portfolio options for a hypothetical couple who started saving for retirement at age 25. All else equal, the study found that an all-equity strategy could allow the couple to save less of their income before retiring since their returns would be higher.
In terms of retirement wealth, you’d need to regularly save 16.1% of your income in a target-date fund and 19.3% in a 60/40 portfolio to produce the same amount of money as a 10% savings rate in an all-equity portfolio.
On the other hand, when the savings rates were equal, the all-equity portfolio generated 50% more wealth than the 60/40 portfolio, and 39% more than the target date fund.
There are drawbacks, of course. Stocks are very volatile and a 100%-stock portfolio “can inflict intense psychological pain,” the authors wrote, when the market tumbles. “One worry is that some investors will abandon their investments rather than stay the course.”
But, they say, the other investment strategies are also volatile — and in some cases more risky, they argue — than going all stocks due to the risk of outliving one’s savings.
“Our results, as a whole, do not suggest that the all-equity strategy is safe,” they wrote. “They merely suggest that it is safer than common alternatives.”
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Adam Hardy is Money's lead data journalist. He writes news and feature stories aimed at helping everyday people manage their finances. He joined Money full-time in 2021 but has covered personal finance and economic topics since 2018. Previously, he worked for Forbes Advisor, The Penny Hoarder and Creative Loafing. In addition to those outlets, Adam’s work has been featured in a variety of local, national and international publications, including the Asia Times, Business Insider, Las Vegas Review-Journal, Yahoo! Finance, Nasdaq and several others. Adam graduated with a bachelor’s degree from the University of South Florida, where he studied magazine journalism and sociology. As a first-generation college graduate from a low-income, single-parent household, Adam understands firsthand the financial barriers that plague low-income Americans. His reporting aims to illuminate these issues. Since joining Money, Adam has already written over 300 articles, including a cover story on financial surveillance, a profile of Director Rohit Chopra of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and an investigation into flexible spending accounts, which found that workers forfeit billions of dollars annually through the workplace plans. He has also led data analysis on some of Money’s marquee rankings, including Best Places to Live, Best Places to Travel and Best Hospitals. He regularly contributes data reporting for Best Colleges, Best Banks and other lists as well. Adam also holds a multimedia storytelling certificate from Poynter’s News University and a data journalism certificate from the Investigative Reporters and Editors (IRE) at the University of Missouri. In 2017, he received an English teaching certification from the University of Cambridge, which he utilized during his time in Seoul, South Korea. There, he taught students of all ages, from 5 to 65, and worked with North Korean refugees who were resettling in the area. Now, Adam lives in Saint Petersburg, Florida, with his pup Bambi. He is a card-carrying shuffleboard club member.